Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Superbugs, or antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens, have become a growing global health threat, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Bacteria are resistant to common antibiotics, leading to longer hospital stays, increased treatment costs, and higher morbidity and mortality rates. The emergence of resistance is primarily driven by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in medical and agricultural practices, as well as the spread of resistant strains through poor sanitation, inadequate infection control measures, and the absence of effective antimicrobial stewardship. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms include enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, modification of drug targets, decreased drug permeability, and the activation of efflux pumps. Preventive measures include the rational use of antibiotics, stringent hygiene practices, and robust infection control within healthcare facilities. In this review shows the treatment strategies against superbugs are evolving, with research focusing on combination therapies, novel biomaterials, and advanced biotechnological approaches to combat these resistant pathogens.