Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common and challenging disease conditions of 21st century. It is a chronic complex progressive and multisystemic disorder with life threatening micro and macrovascular complications ^[1t]. WHO defined Diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both ^[2]. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of DM are about more than 150 million diabetics across the world and more than one fifth of them are Indians. International Diabetes Federation, India has been declared India as "Diabetic Capital of the World" at the recent Conference in Paris ^[3]. Diabetes mellitus consists of a group of syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia, altered metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins; resulting from defects in insulin secretion, its action, or both ^[4]. DM is a complex, heterogeneous and polygenic metabolic disease where there will be an absolute lack of insulin, decreased sensitivity to insulin or both and which results in abnormal glucose homeostasis and subsequent hyperglycemia. Mutual interaction between genetic and environmental factors plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus ^[5]. DM Has been characterized by a variety of causes such as obesity, abdominal adiposity, genetic, ethnicity etc. Obesity and increased BMI have a great impact on diabetogenesis. The association between increased BMI and weight gain and risk of Diabetes mellitus is significant among Asians. Waist circumference (WC) cut point for Indians for any cardio- metabolic risk factors is 87cm for men and 82cm for women whereas that of BMI is 23 kg/m2 in both sexes ^[6]. It is found that the developing countries adopt the western life styles like decreased physical activity and over consumption of cheap, energy dense food for past 20 years and as a result the rate of obesity has tripled in developing countries. Such changes have a direct influence on the child health of the country; the prevalence of obesity among them ranges from 2 to 10% and the prevalence of overweight ranges from 10 to 25% ^[6].