Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part E (2025)

Cell culture techniques are essential in biological and biomedical research, allowing for the controlled growth of cells from multicellular organisms. They have transformed areas like molecular biology, genetics, pharmacology, cancer research, and regenerative medicine. The process involves isolating cells, growing them in nutrient-rich media, and maintaining sterile conditions. Various cell cultures exist, including primary cultures with limited lifespans and immortalized cell lines that proliferate indefinitely. Innovations like 3D culture systems and organoid models enhance the mimicry of in vivo environments, aiding the understanding of biological processes. Key techniques include subculturing, cryopreservation, transfection, and mycoplasma testing, with culture media composition being critical for cell health. However, challenges such as genetic drift, instability, and contamination risks persist, alongside ethical concerns leading to the exploration of alternatives like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Cell culture remains a vital technique crucial for therapeutic advancements and personalized medicine.