Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part E (2025)

Analytical methods are essential to pharmaceutical sciences because they guarantee the efficacy, safety, and quality of drugs from development to manufacturing and post-market assessment. For separate quantification, structural clarification, and real-time monitoring, chromatographic techniques like HPLC, UHPLC, and LC-MS, as well as spectroscopic methods like NMR, IR, Raman, and NIR, have grown essential. The synthesis of principles of green chemistry and automation has improved sustainability and efficiency, while recent innovations such as combined methods, higher-resolution mass spectra, modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Terahertz mass spectroscopy, and artificial intelligence chemometrics have increased sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput.
The principles, uses, benefits, and drawbacks of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in pharmaceutical analysis are highlighted in this review. In addition to discussing new developments like portable devices, hybrid statistical workflows, and predictive analytics, it highlights their complementary functions in drug discovery, quality control, and regulatory compliance. Together, these developments are transforming pharmaceutical analysis into a quicker, more environmentally friendly, and more sophisticated field that fosters innovation in personalised medicine, biologics, and nanopharmaceuticals.