Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part F (2025)

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a revolutionary platform in science and technology due to their unique physicochemical, structural, and functional properties at the nanometer scale (1– 100 nm). Their high surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable size, and ability to be engineered with surface modifications make them highly versatile across multiple fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals, materials science, and environmental applications. In drug delivery, nanoparticles enable targeted therapy, enhanced solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, controlled and sustained release, and the ability to cross biological barriers such as the blood– brain barrier. Metallic nanoparticles like gold, silver, and iron oxide exhibit distinctive optical, magnetic, and antimicrobial activities, while polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles provide biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them suitable for clinical translation. Moreover, advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of diagnostic tools, biosensors, and imaging agents that support early disease detection and monitoring. Despite these promising advantages, challenges such as large-scale production, stability, toxicity, and regulatory concerns remain barriers to widespread commercialization. Current research is therefore focused on optimizing synthesis methods, improving safety profiles, and exploring novel hybrid nanostructures. Overall, nanoparticles represent a cutting-edge innovation with immense potential to address critical limitations in conventional technologies, thereby offering new opportunities for research and practical applications in health care, industry, and environmental sustainability.