Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part I (2025)

A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the heart). Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis (a buildup of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries). The disease may cause chest pain, shortness of breath during exercise, and heart attacks ^[1].

Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion (autoimmune destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas) insulin action, or both ^[2].

From an epidemiological prospective, a risk factor is a characteristic or feature of an individual or population that is present early in life and is associated with an increased risk of developing future disease ^[4].