Vol. 8, Issue 1, Part A (2026)

The cultivation of Ocimum sanctum L., commonly known as Holy Basil or Tulsi, has witnessed a significant shift from traditional geoponic (soil-based) systems to advanced hydroponic environments. This transition is primarily driven by the increasing global demand for high-quality, standardized herbal raw materials and the volatile nature of soil quality due to industrial pollutants. This review article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the pharmacognostic characteristics and secondary metabolite profiles of Ocimum sanctum grown in these two distinct media.

Pharmacognostic evaluation, including macro-morphological markers, microscopic anatomical features, and physical constants like ash values and extractive yields, reveals that hydroponic systems allow for greater phenotypic uniformity and cleaner raw materials. Anatomically, hydroponically grown Tulsi often exhibits specialized adaptations in the root cortex and heightened glandular trichome density compared to its soil-grown counterparts. Furthermore, the synthesis of secondary metabolites specifically volatile oils (eugenol, methyl eugenol), flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid) is profoundly influenced by the rhizosphere environment.

While soil-grown Tulsi benefits from a complex microbial ecosystem that can trigger systemic acquired resistance and boost specific terpene pathways, hydroponic systems offer the precision necessary to manipulate nutrient ratios (N:P:K), pH levels, and electrical conductivity (EC). Such control often results in a higher biomass yield and a more consistent concentration of eugenol, the primary bioactive constituent. This study synthesizes current research data to determine whether the absence of soil-borne stressors in hydroponics compromises or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Tulsi. The findings suggest that while soil remains the baseline for "natural" chemical diversity, hydroponics serves as a superior alternative for the industrial production of pharmaceutical-grade Ocimum sanctum.